Online Experiential Science Lessons
Smart Science® Experiential Science/STEM Catalog
All Smart Science® Experiential Science Lessons
Details of Smart Science® Experiential Science Lessons
Online lesson using real experiments
Online exercise to learn material
Online hybrid lesson combining real experiments with DIY explorations
Online lesson using DIY explorations
INTRODUCTORY EXPERIENTIAL SCIENCE LESSONS
- SI Units – Basic metric units
- Simple Graphs – In-class and virtual data from straight line graphs
- Changing Graphs – Understanding broken straight line graphs
- Volume Graphs – Graphs with volume as an independent variable
- Weight Graphs – Weight and number of items illustrates averaging
- Random Errors – Observing and analyzing random errors
- Systematic Errors – Simple illustration of systematic error
- Chi-Square – A do-it-yourself activity for learning to use chi-square tests
- Measurement – Practice taking measurements from common lab equipment
- Balance Construction – Build your own analytical balance from common materials
BIOLOGY EXPERIENTIAL SCIENCE LESSONS
- Cell Metabolism – Effect of sugar, temperature on metabolic rate
- Diffusion in a Gel – Observe shapes of diffusion curves
- Bacterial Growth – Observe impact of limiting nutrients on growth of bacteria
- Mitosis – Learn to classify phases of mitosis
- Meiosis – Learn about meiosis and its phases
- Stem Structure – Identify tissues and cells in stem cross sections
- Crossing Over – Explore crossing over during meiosis in Sordaria fimicola
- Natural Selection – You’re the predator affecting survival of prey
- Enzymes and Concentration – Effect of substrate concentration on rates
- Enzymes and Temperature – Effect of temperature on rates
- Enzymes and pH – Effect of pH on rates
- Osmosis – Effect of varying salt concentration on various materials
- Membrane Diffusion – Rate of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane
- Onion Osmosis – Effect of solute and concentration on red onion cells
- Gel Electrophoresis – Uses agarose gel with DNA fragments and ethidium bromide dye
- Photosynthesis and Light – How photosynthesis rate varies with color, intensity of light
- Photosynthesis and pH – How photosynthesis rate varies with pH and color of light
- Corn Genetics – Monohybrid crosses
- Corn Genetics 2 – Dihybrid crosses
- Plant Transpiration – Rate of water loss from leaves
- Cell Respiration – Rate of sprout respiration for various seeds & temperatures
- Animal Behavior – Taxis with various stimuli
- Thin Layer Chromatography – Separating various plant pigments with different solvents
- Capillarity – Different liquids in tubes of varying diameter
- Genetic code – This exercise introduces students to genetic code
- Restriction Enzymes – This hands-on activity illustrates how restriction enzymes work
- Muscle Fatigue – Investigate muscle fatigue and recovery
- Cardiac Physiology – How activity affects heart rate and pressure
- Frog Dissection/Find - find organs in a dissected frog.
- Frog Dissection/Identify - identify organs in a dissected frog.
- Shark Dissection/Identify - identify organs in a dissected shark.
(MOLECULAR BIOLOGY)
(PHYSIOLOGY)
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERIENTIAL SCIENCE LESSONS
- Food Webs – Evaluate food webs
- Seed Germination – Effect of contaminants on seed germination
- Biomes – Investigate land-based biomes
- Food Web Activity – Inquiry activity to learn about food webs
- Dissolved Oxygen – Measure dissolved oxygen at different temperatures & salt concentrations
- Primary Productivity – Measure dissolved oxygen over time in water samples from different sources and with different light levels
- Biodiversity – Use morphology and chemical tests to identify closeness of different plant species
- Acid Rain – Measure effect of acid on different rocks
- Air Pollution – Compare air pollution in cities from different countries; correlate with population
- Diversity of Species – Compare numbers of visible species in various biomes
- Non-Renewable Energy – Correlate energy production and usage for three primary fossil fuels across several countries
- Renewable Energy – Measure and compare energy production of solar and wind model power generators
CHEMISTRY EXPERIENTIAL SCIENCE LESSONS
- Laboratory Glassware – Interactively learn about glassware
- Chemical Changes – Understanding chemical and physical reactions
- Chemical Reactions – Understanding types of chemical reactions
- Solubility – What affects solubility in different solutes
- Flame Test – Colors of metal ions in flames
- Iron-Tin Reaction – Reaction rates and temperature
- Acid-Base Titration – Various combinations of acid and base
- Acid-Base Titration DIY Activity – A do-it-yourself acid-base titration lesson
- Crystal Violet Bleaching – Varying concentration of sodium hydroxide affects rate
- Molar Volume – Metals dissolve to produce measured volume of hydrogen
- Chemical Periodicity – Locate missing elements based on properties
- Periodic Table Activity – Interactively check periodic table understanding
- Introduction to Periodic Table – Easier search for missing elements
- Periodic Properties – Interactively check periodic table understanding with just a few properties
- Analysis of Hydrates – Stoichiometric analysis of hydrates by heating in crucibles and weighing
- Hydrate Analysis Procedure – Interactive exploration of procedure for hydrate analysis
- Electrochemical Series – Comparison of electrical potential of half-cells
- Electroplating – Plate and dissolve various metals; compare coulombs and grams
- Freezing Point Depression – Estimation of molar mass
- Molar Mass by Vapor Density – Estimation of molar mass by weighing vapor
- Formula of Chlorides – Determine empirical formula by dissolving metals in acid
- Acid-Base Indicators – Determine ranges of indicator activity for many indicators
- Mole Ratio of Precipitates – Use filtration, drying, and weighing to find empirical formulas
- Precipitation Procedure – Interactive exploration of precipitation procedure
- Enthalpy of Neutralization – Mix different amounts of acid and bases to measure heat generated
- Enthalpy of Solution – Add solids to water and measure heat change in calorimeter
- Colorimetric Determination of Copper – Use colorimetry to find percent copper in alloys
- Gravimetric Analysis – A do-it-yourself gravimetric analysis wet lab
- Oxidizing Power – Use redox titration to measure oxidizing power of bleaches
- Solubility Product – A do-it-yourself solubility product wet lab
- Inorganic Synthesis – A do-it-yourself inorganic synthesis wet lab
- Equilibrium Constants – Study complex ion equilibria using spectrophotometry
- Buffers – Study how solution composition affects sensitivity to addition of acid or base
- Water Electrolysis – A do-it-yourself water electrolysis wet lab
- Reaction Rates – A do-it-yourself reaction rate wet lab
- Polyprotic Acids – Titrating various polyprotic acids with strong base
EARTH EXPERIENTIAL SCIENCE LESSONS
- Porosity – Measuring porosity of different materials
- Evaporation – Evaporation rates of various liquids with differing surface area
- Soil Permeability – Rate water percolates through sand, potting soil, etc.
- Erosion and Flow – Effect of flow rate on rate of soil erosion by water
- Erosion and Slope – Effect of slope on rate of soil erosion by water
- Basic Rock Identification – Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic identification
- Daily Tides – Follow daily tides and analyze
- Clouds – Identify and understand cloud types
- Earthquakes – Measure distances to epicenters on seismograms; locate epicenters
- Moon Phases – Understand and name phases of Moon
- Solar System – Identify solar system bodies and some of their properties
(ASTRONOMY)
PHYSICS EXPERIENTIAL SCIENCE LESSONS
(COLLISIONS)
- Inelastic Collisions – Analyze inelastic collisions between equal masses
- Inelastic Collisions with Different Masses – Analyze inelastic collisions between unequal masses
- Elastic Collisions – Analyze elastic collisions between equal masses
- Elastic Collisions with Different Masses – Analyze elastic collisions between unequal masses
(ELECTRICITY)
- Power and Voltage – Brightness of light bulb compares with applied voltage
- Wire Properties – Measure resistance at different lengths for different gauges
- Capacitors – Measure response of different combinations of capacitors in RC circuit to constant voltage
- Ohm’s Law – Measure current-voltage data for different resistors (virtual) and current-resistance data for different voltages (wet)
- Electrical Circuits -- Measure resistances of resistor circuits to understand parallel and series circuits.
(HEAT AND TEMPERATURE)
- Brownian Motion, Random Walk – Note randomness of Brownian motion
- Brownian Motion, Temperature – Note effect of temperature on Brownian motion
- Gas Volume-Temperature – Determine relationship between gas volume and temperature
- Gas Volume-Pressure – Determine relationship between gas volume and pressure
- Liquid Volume-Temperature – Determine relationship between liquid volume and temperature
- Gas Pressure-Temperature – Determine relationship between gas volume and temperature
- Absolute Zero – Find absolute zero by extrapolating pressure-temperature curve
- Specific Heat – Measure specific heat of liquids
- Phase Changes – Observe temperature-time curves for various substances
- Conduction in Solids – Compare rate of heat transfer in different solid rods
(HYDRAULICS)
- Water Stream Trajectory – Compare Bernoulli’s equation with calculated stream speed
(LIGHT)
- Light Reflection – Angles of incidence and reflection
(NUCLEAR)
- Photoelectric Effect – Photoelectric current and stopping voltage varies with wavelength and intensity
(PERIODIC MOTION)
- Spring Constant – Determine spring constant of various spring combinations
- Springs Moving Different Masses – Observe period motion of springs with differing masses
- Inertial Balance – Measure period of inertial balance with different masses.
- Springs and Conservation of Energy – Observe the change between kinetic and potential energies
- Pendulum with Different Masses – Note effect of mass on pendulum period
- Pendulum with Different Lengths – Note effect of length on pendulum period
- Pendulum with Different Amplitudes – Note effect of amplitude on pendulum period
- Pendulum Kinetic and Potential Energy – Observe transformation between potential and kinetic energies of a pendulum
- Pendulum Investigation – Open investigation of pendulums
- Compound Pendulum – A study in moment of inertia
(PROJECTILES)
- Horizontal Projectile Motion – Analyze horizontal component of projection motion
- Vertical Projectile Motion – Analyze vertical component of projectile motion
- Projectile Motion with Varying Force – Analyze effect of launch force on projectile motion
- Projectile Motion with Varying Mass – Analyze effect of projectile mass on projectile motion
- Projectile Motion with Varying Launch Angle – Analyze effect of launch angle on projectile motion
- Projectile Motion and Energy – Follow kinetic and potential energy
- Projectile Motion Investigation – Students choose what aspect(s) to investigate
(SPEED AND ACCELERATION)
- Definition of Speed – Analyze the meaning of “speed”
- Acceleration – Observe and measure acceleration
- Mass of Falling Objects – Effect of mass on freefall
- Gravity and Speed – Observing speed during freefall
- Ramp and Mass – Different masses travel down a ramp
- Ramp and Speed – The effect of ramp angle on mass speed
- Ramp Angle – The effect of ramp angle on mass acceleration
- Friction and Motion – Horizontal sliding block pulled by weight
- Sliding Masses – The effect of ramp angle and friction
- Rolling Cylinders – The effect of cylinder thickness
- Rotating Mass – How period varies with angle, string length, and mass
- Changes in Acceleration – Observe light objects in freefall
- Terminal Speed – Measure terminal speed of falling objects
- Atwood Machine – Discover Newton’s 2nd Law &/or the acceleration of gravity
- Power – Investigate your own wrist power
- Work-Energy Theorem – Measure work and kinetic energy; compare
- Collisions and Force – Newton's Third Law using Collisions
(STATICS)
- Weighing Objects – Using spring scales to determine the weight of an object
- Density – Density determination for many materials
- First Class Levers – Analyze levers with fulcrum in the middle
- Second Class Levers – Analyze levers with load in the middle
- Third Class Levers – Analyze levers with effort in the middle
- Inclined plane – Effect of angle on force
- Pulleys – How pulleys act as a simple machine
- Buoyancy – Studying displacement in different liquids
(SOUND)
- Intensity and Distance – Intensity dependence on distance
- Pitch – Relation between pitch, frequency and period
- Resonance and Frequency – Resonant cavities
- Speed of Sound – Use resonance to measure speed of sound
- Direct Speed of Sound – Use delay time to measure speed of sound
- Resonant Harmonics – Measure harmonics for resonant cavities
- Beats – Measure beat frequencies
- Moving Sound – Analyze Doppler effect
(WAVES)
- Wavelength and Speed – Measure both wavelength and speed
- Reflection and Frequency – Determine effect of frequency on reflection
- Reflection and Barrier Angle – Determine effect of angle on reflection
- Depth and Speed – Determine effect of depth on speed
- Depth and Refraction – Observe effect on depth on refraction
- Diffraction – Measure effect of frequency and gap width
- Interference – Measure interference change with frequency
- Resonance – Analyze resonant chamber
Experiential Elementary School (Grades 3-5) Lessons
Online lesson using real experiments
Online exercise to learn material
Online hybrid lesson combining real experiments with DIY explorations
Online lesson using DIY explorations
- Acid Rain– How acid dripping on stone affects stone
- Acids & Bases – Which household substances are acidic and which are basic
- Animal Behavior – Taxis with various stimuli
- Basic Rock Identification – Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic identification
- Beaks of Birds– Compare beaks and feeding habits
- Biomes – Investigate land-based biomes
- Brownian Motion, Temperature – Note effect of temperature on Brownian motion
- Change Graphs – Understanding broken straight line graphs
- Chemical Changes – Understanding chemical and physical reactions
- Corn Inheritance – Find out how parent traits are passed to children
- Corn Inheritance Activity – How parent traits are passed to children
- Collisions – Follow inelastic collisions
- Daily Tides – Follow daily tides and analyze
- Density – Measuring density of different materials
- Diversity of Species – Compare numbers of visible species in various biomes
- Electrical Properties: Conductivity – Observe light bulb to determine conductivity of materials
- Erosion & Slope – How slope affects nature of erosion
- Falling Objects – How size and mass affect speed of falling objects
- First Class Levers – Analyze levers with fulcrum in the middle
- Food Webs – Evaluate food webs
- Food Web Activity – Inquiry activity to learn about food webs
- Friction and Motion – Follow block as it slides on a surface
- Heat Conduction in Solids – Rate of heat flow in different materials
- Heat Radiation and Color – How color affects absorption of radiant heat
- Heat Transfer – Rate of heat flow in different materials
- Inclined plane – Effect of angle on force
- Line Graphs – How slope compares with speed of person moving in different ways
- Magnetic Force & Distance – How magnet force changes with distance
- Mass Conservation – Compare masses before and after chemical reactions
- Mitosis Activity – Learn to classify phases of mitosis
- Natural Selection – You’re the predator affecting survival of prey
- Non-Renewable Energy – Relate energy production and usage for three primary fossil fuels across several countries
- Pendulum Energy – How potential and kinetic energy change during swing
- Pendulums & Length – How length affects pendulum period
- Phase Changes – Observe and categorize phase changes
- Photosynthesis and Light – Impact of color on rate of photosynthesis
- Plant Salt Tolerance – How well pepper plants tolerate various amounts of salt
- Plants and Water – How plants respond to varying amounts of water
- Projectile Angle & Distance – Trace path of projectiles launched at different angles
- Projectile Energy – How potential and kinetic energy change during trajectory
- Projectile Mass & Distance – Trace path of projectiles launched with different masses
- Pulleys – How pulleys act as a simple machine
- Reading Topo Maps – Learning about topographic map features
- Reading Scales – Reading analog device scales
- Rock Identification Exercise– Learn about igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
- Seed Germination – Effect of contaminants on seed germination
- Shadows – How shadows behave during the day and from day to day
- Solar System – Identifying important objects in our solar system
- Solution Conductivity – Impact of solvent on conductivity of solutions
- Spring Energy – How kinetic and potential energy change during spring motion
- Star Paths – Follow stars in the sky for one night
- Water Evaporation – Evaporation rates of water with different radiant heating
- Water Flow – How water volume affects flow rate
- Water Graphs – How slope of height versus volume is affected by cylinder diameter
- Water Volume-Temperature – Change in water volume with temperature at different temperatures
- Wave Speed – Measure wave speed at different frequencies
- Wavelength – Measure wavelength at different frequencies
- Weather Maps – Learning about weather map features
- Yeast & Sugar – How well yeast grows in different soft drinks; measure CO2 generated
Experiential Middle School Lessons
Online lesson using real experiments
Online exercise to learn material
Online hybrid lesson combining real experiments with DIY explorations
Online lesson using DIY explorations
(INTRODUCTORY)
- Simple Graphs – In-class and virtual data from straight line graphs
- Changing Graphs – Understanding broken straight line graphs
- Volume Graphs – Graphs with volume as an independent variable
- Measurement – Practice taking measurements from common lab equipment
(PREPARATORY)
- Acids & Bases – Which household substances are acidic and which are basic
- Animal Behavior – Taxis with various stimuli
- Beaks of Birds– Compare beaks and feeding habits
- Corn Inheritance – Find out how parent traits are passed to children
- Electrical Properties: Conductivity – Observe light bulb to determine conductivity of materials
- Erosion & Slope – How slope affects nature of erosion
- Magnetic Force & Distance – How magnet force changes with distance
- Rock Identification Exercise– Learn about igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
- Pendulums & Length – How length affects pendulum period
- Plant Salt Tolerance – How well pepper plants tolerate various amounts of salt
- Projectile Angle & Distance – Trace path of projectiles launched at different angles
- Reading Topo Maps – Learning about topographic map features
- Water Flow – How water volume affects flow rate
- Water Volume-Temperature – Change in water volume with temperature at different temperatures
- Yeast & Sugar – How well yeast grows in different soft drinks; measure CO2 generated
(LEVEL 6)
- Pendulum Kinetic and Potential Energy – Potential and kinetic energies of a pendulum
- Pulleys – How pulleys act as a simple machine
- First Class Levers – Analyze levers with fulcrum in the middle
- Projectile Motion and Energy – Follow kinetic and potential energy
- Friction and Motion – Horizontal sliding block pulled by weight
- Sliding Masses – The effect of ramp angle and friction
- Phase Changes – Observe and categorize phase changes
- Brownian Motion, Temperature – Note effect of temperature on Brownian motion
- Density – Density determination for many materials
- Specific Heat – Measure specific heat of liquids
- Heat Conduction in Solids – Rate of heat flow in different materials
- Food Web Activity – Inquiry activity to learn about food webs
- Food Webs – Evaluate food webs
- Biomes – Investigate land-based biomes
- Natural Selection – You’re the predator affecting survival of prey
- Plants and Water – How plants respond to varying amounts of water
- Plant Transpiration – Rate of water loss from leaves
(LEVEL 7)
- Basic Rock Identification – Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic identification
- Erosion and Flow – Effect of flow rate on rate of soil erosion by water
- Erosion and Slope – Effect of slope on rate of soil erosion by water
- Buoyancy – Studying displacement in different liquids
- Earthquakes – Measure distances to epicenters on seismograms; locate epicenters
- Wavelength and Speed – Measure both wavelength and speed
- Light Reflection – Angles of incidence and reflection
- Pitch – Relation between pitch, frequency and period
- Solubility – What affects solubility in different solutes
- Introduction to Periodic Table – Easier search for missing elements
- Chemical Changes – Understanding chemical and physical reactions
- Cardiac Physiology – How activity affects heart rate and pressure
- Cell Metabolism – Effect of sugar, temperature on metabolic rate
- Animal Behavior – Taxis with various stimuli
- Photosynthesis and Light – Impact of color on rate of photosynthesis
- Enzymes and Temperature – Effect of temperature on rates
(LEVEL 8)
- Mitosis – Learn to classify phases of mitosis
- Natural Selection – You’re the predator affecting survival of prey
- Corn Genetics – Monohybrid crosses
- Seed Germination – Effect of contaminants on seed germination
- Definition of Speed – Analyze the meaning of “speed”
- Gravity and Speed – Observing speed during freefall
- Friction and Motion – Horizontal sliding block pulled by weight
- Sliding Masses – The effect of ramp angle and friction
- Inelastic Collisions – Analyze inelastic collisions between equal masses
- Shadows – How shadows behave during the day and from day to day
- Daily Tides – Follow daily tides and analyze
- Solar System – Identify solar system bodies and some of their properties
- Moon Phases – Understand and name phases of Moon
- Star Paths – Follow stars in the sky for one night
Experiential AP/IB Biology Lessons
Online lesson using real experiments
Online exercise to learn material
Online hybrid lesson combining real experiments with DIY explorations
Online lesson using DIY explorations
Changing Graphs Solubility Capillarity Thin Layer Chromatography | Introductory and Supplementary Lessons | |
Big Idea 1: Evolution | ||
Artificial Selection
AP Natural Selection | Investigation 1 Artificial Selection | |
Hardy-Weinberg
AP Chi-Square | Investigation 2 Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg | |
Comparing DNA Sequences
AP Genetic Code | Investigation 3 Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships | |
Big Idea 2: Cellular Processes: Energy and Communication | ||
Surface Area and Cell Size
AP Osmosis AP (Observing Osmosis in Living Cells) Membrane Diffusion AP (Modeling Diffusion and Osmosis) Onion Osmosis | Investigation 4 Diffusion and Osmosis | |
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis and Light AP Photosynthesis and pH AP | Investigation 5 Photosynthesis | |
Cell Respiration
AP Yeast Metabolism | Investigation 6 Cellular Respiration | |
Big Idea 3: Genetics and Information Transfer | ||
Modeling Mitosis
AP Mitosis Effects of Environment on Mitosis AP Meiosis AP Modeling Meiosis AP Crossing Over - Wild-Mutant Corn Genetics - Monohybrid Corn Genetics - Dihybrid | Investigation 7 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis | |
Bacterial Transformation
AP | Investigation 8 Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation | |
Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA
AP Gel Electrophoresis Restriction Enzymes | Investigation 9 Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA | |
Big Idea 4: Interactions | ||
Net Primary Productivity of Plants
AP Food Webs Dissolved Oxygen/Temperature Aquatic Primary Productivity | Investigation 10 Energy Dynamics | |
Stem Cross Section
| Investigation 11 Transpiration | |
Animal Behavior
AP | Investigation 12 Fruit Fly Behavior | |
Enzymes and Concentration Enzymes and Temperature AP Enzymes and pH AP | Investigation 13 Enzyme Activity |
Experiential AP/IB Chemistry Lessons
Online lesson using real experiments
Online exercise to learn material
Online hybrid lesson combining real experiments with DIY explorations
Online lesson using DIY explorations
Volume Graphs Solubility Density Random Errors Systematic Errors |
Preliminary & Supplementary Lessons | |
Hydrate Analysis Procedure Analysis of Hydrates |
Chemical Formulas | |
Molar Mass by Freezing Point Molar Volume Colorimetric Analysis of Copper |
Moles and Concentration | |
Crystal Violet Bleaching Kinetics Iron-Tin Reaction Kinetics |
Kinetics | |
Acid-Base Titration Acid-Base Indicators Polyprotic Acid Titration Buffers |
Acid-Base Reactions | |
Electrochemical Series Metal Plating and Dissolution |
Redox Reactions | |
Enthalpy of Neutralization Enthalpy of Solution Equilibrium Constants |
Thermodynamics | |
Mole Ratios of Precipitates Gravimetric Analysis |
Precipitation | |
Inorganic Synthesis |
Analysis and Synthesis |
Experiential AP/IB Physics Lessons
Online lesson using real experiments
Online exercise to learn material
Online hybrid lesson combining real experiments with DIY explorations
Online lesson using DIY explorations
Measurement Density Changing Graphs |
Introductory Lessons | |
Definition of Speed Gravity and Speed Ramp and Angle Atwood's Machine Vertical Projectile Motion Projectile Motion and Force Projectile Motion Investigation |
Kinematics | |
Pulleys Inclined Plane First Class Lever Second Class Lever Third Class Lever |
Statics | |
Friction and Motion Sliding Masses |
Newton's Laws | |
Work-Energy Theorem Pendulum Energy |
Work, Energy, Power | |
Inelastic Collisions Elastic Collisions Elastic Collisions, Different Mass |
Momentum | |
Rotating Mass Rolling Masses Compound Pendulum |
Circular Motion and Torque | |
Pendulum and Length Pendulum Investigation |
Oscillations | |
Buoyancy Water Stream Trajectory |
Fluids | |
Heat Transfer in Solids Gas Volume-Temperature |
Thermal Physics | |
Ohm's Law Capacitors Wire Properties Voltage and Brightness |
Electricity | |
Wavelength and Speed Pitch Wave Depth and Speed Reflection and Frequency Reflection and Barrier Angle Wave Resonance Sound Resonance Wave Interference Sound Beats |
Wave Motion | |
Light Reflection Lenses and Focal Length* |
Optics | |
Photoelectric Effect | Atomic and Nuclear Physics |